This paper examines in detail the little-known Friday Mosque (masjid-i jāmi‘) of Firdaus, located southwest of the Khurasan, which has had a key role in developing Saljuq Architecture in the area. The original scheme of the mosque was unclear. The lofty īwān and two flanking dome chambers on the west (qibla) side of the courtyard are the central core of the mosque. The main aim of the article is to analyse the Architecture of the mosque and demonstrate its association with the architectural style of the Saljuq mosque in the Khurasan area.  During the conservation and restoration measures in 2006, some fresh materials were unearthed. The new findings shed light on the original features of the mosque and revealed its formation. The paper describes the city's history, defines its architectural characteristics, and then analyses the present information for replying to the research questions. Owing to the outcomes of the archaeological investigation, the study suggests the general scheme of the mosque as a further example of the two- īwān mosque, which may be dated to the late years of the 6th /12th century. Despite the importance of the mosque, no lengthy study has been published about the building. The accurate drawing of the plan and sections of this monument, with the proposal scheme for the reconstruction of the mosque, are being published in this paper for the first time.

Appropriate and on-time information is one of the most important needs of policy and decision makers in various technological fields. This paper introduces technology intelligence system as a system which increases decision-making power in the field of technology and its main approach is acquisition, analysis, and transforming the relevant data into meaningful information. The main purpose of this paper is to derive Functional structure of technology intelligence system in the field of “ Fuel Cell Technology” at the national level. To achieve the objectives, this work is performed in four phases: identifying Fuel Cell Technology (FCT) stakeholders and their needs through semi-structured survey, deriving framework of intelligence needs of FCT and functions of Technology Intelligence System based on the framework, and finally proposing a proper Functional Architecture using IDEF0 model. We used secondary research, comparative study, and expert panel to do this research. Based on the results obtained, stakeholders of the fuel cell technology intelligence system are divided into five groups from the decision making point of view. Also, the main function of the system at the first level is divided into six functions: requirement analysis and guidance, search and acquisition, processing, organizing, storing, analyzing, documentation and disseminating at the second level. The results indicate that the lack of these functions may lead to the instability of the system.

Water has a vital role in human life, as the source and symbol of life, particularly in the Islamic community. Poor management of water resources in recent decades has posed a serious threat to the physical aspect of life in Islamic countries, which are predominantly located in dry regions. Moreover, the weakness of Functional and symbolic position of water in Islamic-Iranian Architecture has been the consequence of this situation. Water have a tangible and essential role not only in the physical aspect of human life (external world), it is also closely connected with the spiritual aspect of life (inner world), assisting individuals in stages of felicity (sa'adah) and perfection (kamal) according to transcendent theosophy. With its richness linked with spiritual, sacred, and mystical manifestations, Islamic Architecture represents water both in its external world (zahir) and inner world (batin). In terms of the former,issue water unites with the real space for the purposes of balancing and regulating the climate conditions; in terms of the latter, issue it merges with the sacred atmosphere of the Architecture. Therefore, water is one of the most valuable, universal, and structural elements of Islamic Architecture. In Mulla Sadra’s view, water can be considered as one of the symbolic cores of perfecting motion of life with regard to his doctrine of substantial motion. The Holy Quran mentions different forms of the role of water in witnessing and being of humanities more than 63 times. The manifestations of such intuitive quantitative instances were studied based on the stages of Sadrai perception, namely the sensory, the imaginary, and the intellectual. As shown in the theoretical framework, this analysis revealed the generalizability of universal vital, sacred, biological, and technological values to Architecture and urban spaces. Accordingly, beauty, vitality, and life in the general sense and life in the sense of becoming Godliness were the ultimate findings of studying the function of water in Islamic Architecture.

Environmental factors have been the most important phenomenon in formation of vernacular Architecture. Limited technology of past caused a high adaptability of architectural designs to environmental factors. The vernacular Architecture of Golestan province, due to environmental conditions has got different types which are the subject of this study. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to identify the types of vernacular Architecture in Golestan province. The main question of this research is: how many different types of residential Architecture can we classify according to the environmental condition of the region? Theoretical framework of this research is based on the role of local environmental factors on the shape of vernacular Architecture. Research method is descriptive, analytical and comparative. Data collection of this study was based on the documental and field studies. According to the field studies many samples were collected and after the first descriptive studies, some of the cases were classified. In spite the overall harmony of traditional Architecture of the region based on the analytical and comparative studies, vernacular Architecture of this province can be reviewed in three types: Vernacular Architecture of the plain and flatlands, Residential units of mountain foot and Units in steep mountainous slopes.

The absence of a comprehensive typology for troglodytic heritage highlights the need for this study. The analysis and investigation of existing categories reveals that they are often limited and prone to ambiguities and confusion. This study aims to develop a framework for the thematic classification of troglodytic Architecture in Iran, addressing the importance of classifying troglodytic Architecture and the methodology for establishing a framework for the original function of Iranian troglodytic Architecture. The study methodology involves a survey analysis based on field studies in Iran, as well as documentary and library sources, including documents concerning world heritage and existing troglodytic categories in Iran and around the world. Given the significance and diversity of this Architecture in the country and aiming to align with recognized global literature on this subject, the ICOMOS World Heritage classification model was selected as the foundation of the proposed framework. The findings of the study reveal that, given the vast geographical extent and rich history of the country, the diverse troglodytic works of Iran do not significantly differ from constructed works in terms of function. Most of these functions can also be observed in troglodytic works. Investigations conducted on the existing classifications demonstrated that it is necessary to set up a classification based on the internationally recognized frameworks consistent with the various types of man-made caves in Iran. Thus, the ICOMOS World Heritage Classification Model was selected as the basis of the framework in order to integrate and utilize the recognized global literature. To avoid the scattering and overlap of subjects and achieve coherence and inclusiveness within the categorization, specific and significantly overlapping cases were excluded from the model. Finally, a framework for the function of typological works was developed by following the global terminology and classifications and analyzing the identified typological examples in Iran.

After the discovery of Troglodytic Architectures in Iran during the recent decades, the nature and functions of these works have constantly been discussed. The vague and inconspicuous traces of the era in which these remaining works have been created, make it difficult for scholars and those interested in rocky works to provide an accurate chronology for such monuments and find the precise uses of functions of these works. On the other hand, the rocky and cave-like nature of these places have led more researchers to attribute them to the Mithraism religion. However, recent studies on the rocky site of Varjoey (Varevy) village of Maragheh (known as Imamzadeh Molla Masoum), which is somewhat richer in terms of archaeological data, provides further reasons for attributing these works to the Islamic period. However, deep and accurate research requires further archaeological and scientific borings. In the present research, relaying on spatial analysis and comparative data to clarify the chronology and use of the present building, it has been tried to discuss about some points and provide archaeological knowledge, which has not been provided previously. As the authors believe, according to the same points, a more precise date and application can be provided for this monument and it could be examined from new angles with an analytical view. According to this research, with reference to the studies and comparisons conducted so far, it is proposed that the Troglodytic complex of Varjoey may have been originally used as a Buddhist temple belonging to the Ilkhan period that subsequently, after the religious reform by Qazan Khan, it was transformed into a monastery. Accordingly, attributing this site to Mithraism religion is less probable. Finally, although the chronology of other rocky temples requires independent research, it seems that determining the relative chronology and use of the Troglodytic spaces of Imamzadeh Masoum Maragheh-i can be helpful for such monuments.

A Study of Geometry in Islamic Architecture by Professor Golroo Najibaaghlou is a valuable work in the field of Islamic Architecture. This book has a detailed preface, a brief introduction, and five main sections. As it is known from the introduction of the book, this book was originally written for a non-Iranian audience. The first purpose of writing this book is to try to moderate public belief about geometry and the stages of compilation and discussion in Islamic Architecture. Another purpose is to correct the negative view of the geometric documentation of Islamic Architecture in the West, because such a view has created a kind of reluctance to equate the works of Islamic Architecture with the great works of classical Western Architecture. In addition, Najibaaghlou wants to reject and respond to Western criticism that reduces Islamic Architecture to the level of an unedited work. In the final chapter of the book, Najibaaghlou looks at the compiled documents of Islamic Architecture from a Western perspective and highlights some of the missed points of geometric sciences, including clarifying conceptualization, recording, and transferring architectural design in the Islamic world.